Alienation from God as the mediator variable in the Relationship between Types of identity confusion and Meaninglessness
Abstract
This study aimed at detecting the causal model (Alienation from God as the
mediator variable in the Relationship between types of identity confusion and
Meaninglessness in students. The sample of the study consisted of (300) students.
The sample responded to set scales s are: Alienation from God, types of identity
confusion and Meaninglessness. After testing model using a Path Analysis through
Amos (software) , the model fit indices showed that the model fitted the data
satisfactorily, the model achieved of goodness of fit in the good rang according
indices: (χ2 =0.000, df = 1, P-value=0.990, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA =0.000, TLI
=1.048, NFI =1.000, AGFI=1.000, RMR=0.006, IFI=1.005), which indicated that
alienation from God increases the degree of relationship between types of identity
confusion (diffusion and foreclosure) and the feeling of Meaninglessness.
References
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الجمعان، سناء عبد الزهرة والخيكاني، حسين رحيم حميد.)2018 .)خواء المعنى لدى طلبة الجامعة. مجلة أبحاث
البصرة للعلوم اإلنسانية، المجلد 43 ،العدد4 ،ص24-42.
حمود، فلاير والشماس، عيسى .)2013 .)مستويات تشكل الهوية لدى طلبة الصف الثاني ثانوي. مجلة جامعة دمشق،
.471-425ص، 1ع، 29مج
عزت الزين، لجين ومنصو، غسان .)2017 .)رتب الهوية وعالقتها ببعض سمات الشخصية لدى طالب الصف الثاني
الثانوي في مدارس مدينة دمشق الرسمية .مجلة جامعة البعث، مج 93 ،ع 41 ،ص39-87.
العطية، أسماء محمد .)2016 .)دراسة الفروق في أزمة الهوية وفقا للنوع والمرحلة العمرية لدى عينة من المراهقين
في المجتمع القطري. مجلة العلوم التربوية والنفسية في جامعة البحرين، مج17 ،ع4 ،ص585-610 .
العوبلي، طه ناجي محمد )2011 .)الخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس رتب الهوية وأزماتها للمراهقين فى المؤسسات
االيوائية، مجلة كلية التربية في جامعة عين شمس. ع 35, ج،ص 4854 . - 823.
Ano G.A & Vasconcelles. E.B.(2005). Religious coping and psychological
adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology.vol.61:1–
20.
Barbour, JD. (1994). Version of deconversion: Autobiography and the loss of
faith.In Pérez, S and Vallières, F. (eds). How Do Religious People Become
Atheists? Applying a Grounded Theory Approach to Propose a Model of
Deconversion. Secularism and Nonreligion, 8: 3, pp. 1–14.
Bascom, G. S. (Jul 1984). Physical, emotional, and cognitive care of dying patients.
Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 48(4), 351-356.
Bealer, Robert C. and Fern K. Willets .(1967). "The religious interests of American
high school youth." Religious Education.Vol. 62: 435-444.
Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., and Kurtines, W. M. (2004). The development
and validation of a measure of identity distress. Identity: An Int. J. Theor. Res. 4(1):
1–8.
Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., and Stickle,T. R. (2006). Existential Anxiety in
Adolescents: Prevalence, Structure, Association with Psychological Symptoms and
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 590 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Identity Development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence DOI: 10.1007/s10964-
006-9032-y.
Churchich, N,.(1990).Marxism and Alienation. Fairleigh Dickinson University
Press.
Citation: Okan, N., & Ekşi, H. (2017). Spirituality in logotherapy. Spiritual
Psychology and Counseling, 2, 143–164.
Cohen ,C. C.(2016) : From spiritual alienation and existential loneliness to
faith. School of Social Work and Efrata College.
Counted, V., (2015). ‘Understanding God images and God concepts: Towards a
pastoral hermeneutics of the God attachment experience. Verbum et Ecclesia
36(1),p.1-14.
Debats, D. L. H. M., .(1996).Meaning in life: psychometric, clinical and
phenomenological aspects. University of Groningen press.
Duriez, B,. Smits, I, & Goossens, L.(2008). The relation between identity styles and
religiosity in adolescence: Evidence from a longitudinal perspective. Personality
and Individual Differences. Vol. 44 ,1022–1031
Dyer, Lorrie Lane (2015) : An Alienation From God. University of Dayton Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc.
Fazzino, LL. (2014). Leaving the church behind: Applying a deconversion
perspective to evangelical exit narratives. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 29:
249–266.
Gaitonde, S. (2015). Individual Perceptions of Meaning in Life and
Meaninglessness. Undergraduate Research Scholars Program. Available
electronically from http : / /hdl .handle .net /1969 .1 /165523.
Ganesh, K, and Wesley, M. S.(2017). The Conceptualization of Meaninglessness in
Advaita Vedanta. International Journal of Existential Psychology &
Psychotherapy.Vol. 7, Issue 1, p.1-8.
Goeke-Morey, M. C. et.al (2014). Adolescents’ relationship with God and
internalizing adjustment over time: The moderating role of maternal religious
coping. J Fam Psychol.Vol. 28(6): 749–758.
Gooren, H. (2010). Religious conversion and disaffiliation: Tracing patters of
change in faith practices. New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan
Goth,K et.al.(2012). Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in
adolescence - Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report
questionnaire AIDA. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health.
Vol.6:No.27.p.2-16.
Halama, P.(2015). Maintaining Meaning in Life in Old Age: Personality and
Social Factors . Personality and Well-being Across the Life-Span.New York;
Palgrave Macmillan. pp 160-178
Hameed, H. R. & Aljamaan, S. A .(2018).The Feeling of Meaninglessness by
University Students.Journal of Basra researches for Human Sciences, Vol. 43,
Issue 4, Pages 24-42.
Harris, S. (2004). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason.
New York: Norton.
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 591 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Hartman, D., and Zimberoff, D.(2004). Existential Resistance to Life: Ambivalence,
Avoidance & Control .Journal of Heart-Centered Therapies, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-
63.
Henera ,A.L. et.al.(2017). The Role of Religion in the Identity Construction of
Adolescent Christians. International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity
and Social Sciences. Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp: (7-18).
Hirschi, A. (2011). Relation of vocational identity statuses to interest structure
among Swiss adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 38:5, 390-407
James, R(2007). Crisis Intervention Strategies. 6th Edition.New York: Cengage
Learning.
Kasinath, H. M.(2013). Adolescence:Search For An Identity. i-manager's. Journal
on Educational Psychology. 7(1), 1-6.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. , & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion:
Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 315-334.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion: Childhood
attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, 29(3), 315–334
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to
romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
18 (3), 266-275.
Kroger, J. and Marcia, J. E. (2011). The Identity Statuses: Origins, Meanings,
and Interpretations. Handbook of Identity Theory and Research.New York:
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Kroger, J.(2015). Identity in Childhood and Adolescence. International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Pages 537-542.
Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during
adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33,
683-698.
Lally ,M,.& County, L.(2017). Lifespan Development: A Psychological
Perspective. New York: Martha Lally, Suzanne Valentine-French.
Leak, G. K. (2009). An Assessment of the Relationship Between Identity
Development, Faith Development, and Religious Commitment. Identity 9(3):201-
218
Long,J.(2012). The Relationship Between Identity Formation and Faith
Maturity. A Thesis submitted to the Department of Family and Child Sciences in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Louw, D.J., (2008). Cura vitae: Illness and the healing of life, Lux Verbi,
Wellington.
Maddi, S. R. (1967). The existential neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
72.4, 311-325.
Maddi, S. R. (2004). "Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage".
Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 44 (3): 279–298.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 592 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. Handbook of adolescent
psychology, 9(11), 159-187.
Marcia. J. E.(1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. 3(5), 55 1-558.
McLellan, David (1973). " alienation in Hegel ". In Philip Wiener (ed.). The
Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Mischey, E. J. (1981). Faith, identity, and morality in late adolescence. Character
Potential, 9, 175-185.
Nelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality .(1st ed.) .New York
City: Springer-Verlag New York
Pallerone, M. (2015, June 2). Influence of Identity, Congruence of Interest and
Coping Strategy on Decision Making. Elsevier Ltd., 191, 1344-1348.
Pargament, K.I., Falb, K., Ano, G., & Wachholtz, A.B. (2013). The Religious
Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, and Practice. In R.
Paloutzian & C. Park (eds) The Handbook of the Psychology of Religion, 2nd
edition. (pp. 560-580). New York: Guilford Press A partial preview of the book is
available via Google Books.
Pargament, KI.(2011). Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. In:
Folkman, S., editor. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. Oxford:
University Press.
Puffer, K. A., Pence, K. G., Graverson, T. M., Wolfe, M., Pate, E., & Clegg, S.
(2008). Religious doubt and identity formation: Salient predictors of adolescent
religious doubt. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(4), 270-284.
Ragelienė, T.(2016) .Links of Adolescents Identity Development and Relationship
with Peers: A Systematic Literature Review. J Can Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry, 25:2, p.97-105.
Sanders, J. L. (1998). Religious ego identity and its relationship to faith maturity.
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 132(6), 653-658.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life
questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of
counseling psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
Stevens, R. (1983). Erik Erikson: An introduction. New York: St. Martin’s
Streib, H, et.al. (2009). Deconversion: qualitative and quantitative results from
cross-cultural research in Germany and the United States of America. Göttingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Strommen, Merton P. ( 1974). Five Cries of Youth. New York: Harper and Row.
Tillich, Paul.(1968). A History of Christian Thought. New York: Harper & Row,
1968.
Walsh, S. D., Harel-Fisch, Y., & Fogel-Grinvald, H. (2010). Parents, teachers and
peer relations as predictors of risk behaviors and mental well-being among
immigrant and born adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 976-984.
Wang, Y & Cheng,H.(2022).The Sense of Meaninglessness among College
Students: Malfunction or Growth in Disguise? The 12th Edition of the International
Conference The Future of Education will take place on June 30 and July the 1st, at
Grand Hotel Mediterraneo in Florence (Italy).
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 593 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Yalom, I. D. (1970). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New
York: Basic Books.
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. In Gaitonde, S. (e.d). Individual
Perceptions of Meaning in Life and Meaninglessness. Undergraduate Research
Scholars Program. Available electronically.
Zhang, L.(2015). Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development .International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.
Zuck, Roy B. and Gene A. Getz .(1968).Christian Youth—An In-Depth Study.
Chicago: Moody Press.
الجمعان، سناء عبد الزهرة والخيكاني، حسين رحيم حميد.)2018 .)خواء المعنى لدى طلبة الجامعة. مجلة أبحاث
البصرة للعلوم اإلنسانية، المجلد 43 ،العدد4 ،ص24-42.
حمود، فلاير والشماس، عيسى .)2013 .)مستويات تشكل الهوية لدى طلبة الصف الثاني ثانوي. مجلة جامعة دمشق،
.471-425ص، 1ع، 29مج
عزت الزين، لجين ومنصو، غسان .)2017 .)رتب الهوية وعالقتها ببعض سمات الشخصية لدى طالب الصف الثاني
الثانوي في مدارس مدينة دمشق الرسمية .مجلة جامعة البعث، مج 93 ،ع 41 ،ص39-87.
العطية، أسماء محمد .)2016 .)دراسة الفروق في أزمة الهوية وفقا للنوع والمرحلة العمرية لدى عينة من المراهقين
في المجتمع القطري. مجلة العلوم التربوية والنفسية في جامعة البحرين، مج17 ،ع4 ،ص585-610 .
العوبلي، طه ناجي محمد )2011 .)الخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس رتب الهوية وأزماتها للمراهقين فى المؤسسات
االيوائية، مجلة كلية التربية في جامعة عين شمس. ع 35, ج،ص 4854 . - 823.
Ano G.A & Vasconcelles. E.B.(2005). Religious coping and psychological
adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology.vol.61:1–
20.
Barbour, JD. (1994). Version of deconversion: Autobiography and the loss of
faith.In Pérez, S and Vallières, F. (eds). How Do Religious People Become
Atheists? Applying a Grounded Theory Approach to Propose a Model of
Deconversion. Secularism and Nonreligion, 8: 3, pp. 1–14.
Bascom, G. S. (Jul 1984). Physical, emotional, and cognitive care of dying patients.
Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 48(4), 351-356.
Bealer, Robert C. and Fern K. Willets .(1967). "The religious interests of American
high school youth." Religious Education.Vol. 62: 435-444.
Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., and Kurtines, W. M. (2004). The development
and validation of a measure of identity distress. Identity: An Int. J. Theor. Res. 4(1):
1–8.
Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., and Stickle,T. R. (2006). Existential Anxiety in
Adolescents: Prevalence, Structure, Association with Psychological Symptoms and
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 590 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Identity Development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence DOI: 10.1007/s10964-
006-9032-y.
Churchich, N,.(1990).Marxism and Alienation. Fairleigh Dickinson University
Press.
Citation: Okan, N., & Ekşi, H. (2017). Spirituality in logotherapy. Spiritual
Psychology and Counseling, 2, 143–164.
Cohen ,C. C.(2016) : From spiritual alienation and existential loneliness to
faith. School of Social Work and Efrata College.
Counted, V., (2015). ‘Understanding God images and God concepts: Towards a
pastoral hermeneutics of the God attachment experience. Verbum et Ecclesia
36(1),p.1-14.
Debats, D. L. H. M., .(1996).Meaning in life: psychometric, clinical and
phenomenological aspects. University of Groningen press.
Duriez, B,. Smits, I, & Goossens, L.(2008). The relation between identity styles and
religiosity in adolescence: Evidence from a longitudinal perspective. Personality
and Individual Differences. Vol. 44 ,1022–1031
Dyer, Lorrie Lane (2015) : An Alienation From God. University of Dayton Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc.
Fazzino, LL. (2014). Leaving the church behind: Applying a deconversion
perspective to evangelical exit narratives. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 29:
249–266.
Gaitonde, S. (2015). Individual Perceptions of Meaning in Life and
Meaninglessness. Undergraduate Research Scholars Program. Available
electronically from http : / /hdl .handle .net /1969 .1 /165523.
Ganesh, K, and Wesley, M. S.(2017). The Conceptualization of Meaninglessness in
Advaita Vedanta. International Journal of Existential Psychology &
Psychotherapy.Vol. 7, Issue 1, p.1-8.
Goeke-Morey, M. C. et.al (2014). Adolescents’ relationship with God and
internalizing adjustment over time: The moderating role of maternal religious
coping. J Fam Psychol.Vol. 28(6): 749–758.
Gooren, H. (2010). Religious conversion and disaffiliation: Tracing patters of
change in faith practices. New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan
Goth,K et.al.(2012). Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in
adolescence - Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report
questionnaire AIDA. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health.
Vol.6:No.27.p.2-16.
Halama, P.(2015). Maintaining Meaning in Life in Old Age: Personality and
Social Factors . Personality and Well-being Across the Life-Span.New York;
Palgrave Macmillan. pp 160-178
Hameed, H. R. & Aljamaan, S. A .(2018).The Feeling of Meaninglessness by
University Students.Journal of Basra researches for Human Sciences, Vol. 43,
Issue 4, Pages 24-42.
Harris, S. (2004). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason.
New York: Norton.
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 591 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Hartman, D., and Zimberoff, D.(2004). Existential Resistance to Life: Ambivalence,
Avoidance & Control .Journal of Heart-Centered Therapies, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 3-
63.
Henera ,A.L. et.al.(2017). The Role of Religion in the Identity Construction of
Adolescent Christians. International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity
and Social Sciences. Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp: (7-18).
Hirschi, A. (2011). Relation of vocational identity statuses to interest structure
among Swiss adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 38:5, 390-407
James, R(2007). Crisis Intervention Strategies. 6th Edition.New York: Cengage
Learning.
Kasinath, H. M.(2013). Adolescence:Search For An Identity. i-manager's. Journal
on Educational Psychology. 7(1), 1-6.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. , & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion:
Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 315-334.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion: Childhood
attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, 29(3), 315–334
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to
romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
18 (3), 266-275.
Kroger, J. and Marcia, J. E. (2011). The Identity Statuses: Origins, Meanings,
and Interpretations. Handbook of Identity Theory and Research.New York:
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Kroger, J.(2015). Identity in Childhood and Adolescence. International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Pages 537-542.
Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during
adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33,
683-698.
Lally ,M,.& County, L.(2017). Lifespan Development: A Psychological
Perspective. New York: Martha Lally, Suzanne Valentine-French.
Leak, G. K. (2009). An Assessment of the Relationship Between Identity
Development, Faith Development, and Religious Commitment. Identity 9(3):201-
218
Long,J.(2012). The Relationship Between Identity Formation and Faith
Maturity. A Thesis submitted to the Department of Family and Child Sciences in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Louw, D.J., (2008). Cura vitae: Illness and the healing of life, Lux Verbi,
Wellington.
Maddi, S. R. (1967). The existential neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
72.4, 311-325.
Maddi, S. R. (2004). "Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage".
Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 44 (3): 279–298.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 592 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. Handbook of adolescent
psychology, 9(11), 159-187.
Marcia. J. E.(1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. 3(5), 55 1-558.
McLellan, David (1973). " alienation in Hegel ". In Philip Wiener (ed.). The
Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Mischey, E. J. (1981). Faith, identity, and morality in late adolescence. Character
Potential, 9, 175-185.
Nelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality .(1st ed.) .New York
City: Springer-Verlag New York
Pallerone, M. (2015, June 2). Influence of Identity, Congruence of Interest and
Coping Strategy on Decision Making. Elsevier Ltd., 191, 1344-1348.
Pargament, K.I., Falb, K., Ano, G., & Wachholtz, A.B. (2013). The Religious
Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, and Practice. In R.
Paloutzian & C. Park (eds) The Handbook of the Psychology of Religion, 2nd
edition. (pp. 560-580). New York: Guilford Press A partial preview of the book is
available via Google Books.
Pargament, KI.(2011). Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. In:
Folkman, S., editor. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping. Oxford:
University Press.
Puffer, K. A., Pence, K. G., Graverson, T. M., Wolfe, M., Pate, E., & Clegg, S.
(2008). Religious doubt and identity formation: Salient predictors of adolescent
religious doubt. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(4), 270-284.
Ragelienė, T.(2016) .Links of Adolescents Identity Development and Relationship
with Peers: A Systematic Literature Review. J Can Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry, 25:2, p.97-105.
Sanders, J. L. (1998). Religious ego identity and its relationship to faith maturity.
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 132(6), 653-658.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life
questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of
counseling psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
Stevens, R. (1983). Erik Erikson: An introduction. New York: St. Martin’s
Streib, H, et.al. (2009). Deconversion: qualitative and quantitative results from
cross-cultural research in Germany and the United States of America. Göttingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Strommen, Merton P. ( 1974). Five Cries of Youth. New York: Harper and Row.
Tillich, Paul.(1968). A History of Christian Thought. New York: Harper & Row,
1968.
Walsh, S. D., Harel-Fisch, Y., & Fogel-Grinvald, H. (2010). Parents, teachers and
peer relations as predictors of risk behaviors and mental well-being among
immigrant and born adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 976-984.
Wang, Y & Cheng,H.(2022).The Sense of Meaninglessness among College
Students: Malfunction or Growth in Disguise? The 12th Edition of the International
Conference The Future of Education will take place on June 30 and July the 1st, at
Grand Hotel Mediterraneo in Florence (Italy).
مجلة القادسية للعلوم االنسانية المجلد )25 )العدد )2 )السنة )2022)
Page 593 | http://qu.edu.iq/journalart/index.php/QJHS
Yalom, I. D. (1970). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New
York: Basic Books.
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. In Gaitonde, S. (e.d). Individual
Perceptions of Meaning in Life and Meaninglessness. Undergraduate Research
Scholars Program. Available electronically.
Zhang, L.(2015). Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development .International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences.
Zuck, Roy B. and Gene A. Getz .(1968).Christian Youth—An In-Depth Study.
Chicago: Moody Press.
Published
2022-06-10
How to Cite
., A. P. A. A.-R. S. (2022). Alienation from God as the mediator variable in the Relationship between Types of identity confusion and Meaninglessness. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences, 25(2), 559-594. Retrieved from https://journalart.qu.edu.iq/index.php/QJHS/article/view/545
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